1 00:00:01,062 --> 00:00:08,062 فـــایــــل نـــیــکــــو www.fileniko.com نرم افزار،بازی،فیلم،سریال و مستند 2 00:00:42,763 --> 00:00:47,684 In the Milky Way galaxy, circling a star called the Sun ... 3 00:00:47,893 --> 00:00:51,813 is a small planet inhabited by intelligent life. 4 00:00:53,899 --> 00:00:57,068 Earthlings have always been curious creatures. 5 00:00:59,655 --> 00:01:05,869 Even as we discovered our own world, we dreamed of exploring others. 6 00:01:07,621 --> 00:01:12,917 Perhaps other beings inhabit planets around distant stars. 7 00:01:13,627 --> 00:01:15,879 If they are sending signals ... 8 00:01:16,088 --> 00:01:19,549 we could detect them with this powerful radio telescope ... 9 00:01:19,759 --> 00:01:23,803 and maybe send a signal back across the cosmos. 10 00:01:28,017 --> 00:01:31,853 But might we ourselves leave our home on Earth ... 11 00:01:32,021 --> 00:01:34,939 to explore new worlds? 12 00:02:28,911 --> 00:02:34,374 We have already taken the first small steps outside our planet. 13 00:02:43,634 --> 00:02:49,931 We designed this shuttlecraft to carry people and cargo up into orbit. 14 00:02:51,267 --> 00:02:54,936 Here, far above the Earth's atmosphere ... 15 00:02:55,145 --> 00:02:58,231 we're learning how to live and work in space. 16 00:02:59,066 --> 00:03:01,985 You've got a go to maneuver the orbiter. 17 00:03:05,781 --> 00:03:09,784 It's doing nose sweep, going towards the starboard side. 18 00:03:11,704 --> 00:03:15,915 The exterior shows just a little of the expected wear and tear ... 19 00:03:16,125 --> 00:03:18,710 of many trips back and forth. 20 00:03:22,631 --> 00:03:25,300 The shuttle is equipped with a robotic arm ... 21 00:03:25,509 --> 00:03:29,220 to move large payloads ferried up from Earth. 22 00:03:29,388 --> 00:03:32,140 Houston, do we have a go for maneuver? 23 00:03:33,100 --> 00:03:35,143 It has lifted from the cargo bay ... 24 00:03:35,352 --> 00:03:40,148 a spacecraft which carries a German telescope named ORFEUS ... 25 00:03:40,482 --> 00:03:43,610 and a remotely operated IMAX camera. 26 00:03:43,944 --> 00:03:47,238 Through its lens, we are seeing as never before ... 27 00:03:48,032 --> 00:03:52,327 the exterior of the shuttle as it orbits the Earth. 28 00:03:57,374 --> 00:04:01,669 Discovery, Houston. You have a go for release. 29 00:04:01,837 --> 00:04:03,630 Copy that. 30 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:12,180 Now the ORFEUS telescope has been released into orbit. 31 00:04:12,389 --> 00:04:17,018 We are riding with it, floating free in space. 32 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:23,816 Beneath us the shuttle pulls away, its cargo bay empty. 33 00:04:25,444 --> 00:04:27,362 ORFEUS will spend several days ... 34 00:04:27,529 --> 00:04:31,950 observing the hottest and coldest gases in our galaxy. 35 00:04:32,159 --> 00:04:34,953 Then the shuttle will take it back to Earth. 36 00:04:41,460 --> 00:04:46,547 Over three decades, we've learned how to travel back and forth to space ... 37 00:04:46,757 --> 00:04:49,467 and live in low Earth orbit. 38 00:04:50,219 --> 00:04:54,347 Now that we have taken these first steps, are we ready ... 39 00:04:54,556 --> 00:04:59,852 to cross the great black void to explore the other worlds in our solar system? 40 00:05:00,312 --> 00:05:05,650 The journey will be hundreds of times farther than any we have ever undertaken. 41 00:05:11,824 --> 00:05:16,160 First, we need to understand how we adapt to weightlessness. 42 00:05:16,328 --> 00:05:18,830 The nine hours of work scheduled for the blue shift ... 43 00:05:18,998 --> 00:05:20,665 one and a half hour for green. 44 00:05:20,833 --> 00:05:25,837 Connected by tunnel to the crew cabin, a laboratory known as Spacelab ... 45 00:05:26,046 --> 00:05:29,590 is carried in the cargo bay on certain flights. 46 00:05:30,509 --> 00:05:33,594 Inside it, scientists are performing experiments ... 47 00:05:33,804 --> 00:05:37,098 developed by 13 different countries. 48 00:05:40,185 --> 00:05:45,440 Two medical doctors, Norm Thagard and Roberta Bondar, a Canadian ... 49 00:05:45,649 --> 00:05:48,860 are studying how our sensory systems behave ... 50 00:05:49,028 --> 00:05:51,696 when introduced to microgravity. 51 00:05:53,032 --> 00:05:57,118 More than half the astronauts experience space motion sickness ... 52 00:05:57,286 --> 00:05:59,245 the first day or two. 53 00:05:59,413 --> 00:06:01,414 We're getting one last calibration, Dave. 54 00:06:01,582 --> 00:06:06,252 German payload specialist Ulf Merbold is conducting an experiment ... 55 00:06:06,462 --> 00:06:08,796 to find out more about how it happens. 56 00:06:08,964 --> 00:06:10,798 I've got vection. 57 00:06:10,966 --> 00:06:15,720 The subject sees one thing, but he feels another. 58 00:06:16,180 --> 00:06:19,766 His brain is confused by these conflicting messages ... 59 00:06:19,933 --> 00:06:22,268 and he becomes disoriented. 60 00:06:25,647 --> 00:06:28,191 Is the spacecraft rotating ... 61 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:29,859 or are we? 62 00:06:40,579 --> 00:06:44,415 While Roberta spins, a tiny camera inside her helmet ... 63 00:06:44,625 --> 00:06:49,170 is recording the movements of her eye as it reacts to the motion. 64 00:06:50,547 --> 00:06:55,176 Data are collected at mid-flight, then again near its end. 65 00:06:55,844 --> 00:06:57,804 When the results are compared ... 66 00:06:58,013 --> 00:07:01,516 it becomes clear that the more time people spend in space ... 67 00:07:01,683 --> 00:07:06,979 the more they rely on the visual sense alone for orientation. 68 00:07:07,356 --> 00:07:12,151 But these results tell us only about how we adapt in the short term. 69 00:07:12,569 --> 00:07:18,074 Spores three goes to centrifuge 204. Make sure it says spore 31G. 70 00:07:18,242 --> 00:07:19,367 Spores ― Which one? 71 00:07:19,535 --> 00:07:22,411 To find out how we're affected by longer stays ... 72 00:07:22,579 --> 00:07:27,083 people must live continuously in a space station. 73 00:07:27,334 --> 00:07:31,379 There, we could learn how to maintain a closed life-support system ... 74 00:07:31,547 --> 00:07:33,339 for months or years at a time. 75 00:07:33,507 --> 00:07:34,841 One more. Interesting. 76 00:07:35,008 --> 00:07:37,426 Recycling is a must. 77 00:07:39,513 --> 00:07:42,640 Future astronauts will be accomplished gardeners. 78 00:07:42,850 --> 00:07:45,726 They will tend small farms in space ... 79 00:07:45,894 --> 00:07:49,147 like this hydroponic garden at the Kennedy Space Center ... 80 00:07:49,314 --> 00:07:53,317 that uses recycled water and oxygen to grow food. 81 00:07:53,902 --> 00:07:57,238 The plants must be kept free of contamination. 82 00:07:57,406 --> 00:08:02,869 Halfway to another planet, a crop failure would be a disaster. 83 00:08:04,830 --> 00:08:06,455 A hundred and eighty reps left. 84 00:08:06,623 --> 00:08:09,167 Keeping fit is another challenge. 85 00:08:09,376 --> 00:08:13,337 With no body weight to support, our muscles get weaker. 86 00:08:13,547 --> 00:08:15,673 Bones become brittle. 87 00:08:15,841 --> 00:08:19,510 The longer we stay, the worse the problems become. 88 00:08:20,429 --> 00:08:24,765 Hey, Bobby! Come on up here. We're going by Canada. 89 00:08:24,933 --> 00:08:26,934 People traveling to other planets ... 90 00:08:27,102 --> 00:08:31,189 will spend years living in a very confined space. 91 00:08:31,565 --> 00:08:34,984 What kinds of emotional stress will we face? 92 00:08:35,652 --> 00:08:39,697 Will we get homesick, so far from everything we know ... 93 00:08:39,865 --> 00:08:45,369 isolated from family and friends and the familiar comforts of home? 94 00:09:02,804 --> 00:09:06,807 There she is, John. Don't run into our home. 95 00:09:06,975 --> 00:09:11,479 Our first journeys to another world were to our nearby Moon. 96 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:17,276 Tranquility Base, Houston. You are cleared for takeoff. 97 00:09:21,156 --> 00:09:24,325 But those round trips took barely a week. 98 00:09:25,953 --> 00:09:27,912 Today, on the Mir station ... 99 00:09:28,121 --> 00:09:32,083 Russian cosmonauts live in space for many months. 100 00:09:33,669 --> 00:09:38,881 From time to time, new crews arrive from Earth in the Soyuz craft. 101 00:09:45,764 --> 00:09:49,350 Now, after almost a year in orbit ... 102 00:09:49,559 --> 00:09:52,353 the cosmonauts will return home in Soyuz. 103 00:09:59,027 --> 00:10:03,364 And even though they've spent up to six hours exercising each day ... 104 00:10:03,532 --> 00:10:08,869 when re-exposed to Earth's gravity, they are temporarily unable to stand up. 105 00:10:10,664 --> 00:10:15,042 Imagine arriving on an alien planet in this condition. 106 00:10:22,301 --> 00:10:25,177 But what if we could produce an artificial gravity ... 107 00:10:25,345 --> 00:10:28,264 as we travel to our destination? 108 00:10:28,974 --> 00:10:32,768 In 1968, Stanley Kubrick's classic film ... 109 00:10:32,978 --> 00:10:35,896 2001: A Space Odyssey ... 110 00:10:36,106 --> 00:10:40,276 featured spaceship designs which would allow us to do this. 111 00:10:40,944 --> 00:10:43,821 As the ship spins around, anyone inside ... 112 00:10:43,989 --> 00:10:49,118 feels an outward, or centrifugal, force that acts like gravity. 113 00:10:50,996 --> 00:10:56,250 In another design, parts of the ship spin around a stationary hub. 114 00:10:58,337 --> 00:11:00,546 But the rotation of a small spacecraft ... 115 00:11:00,714 --> 00:11:04,008 could make the occupants disoriented or sick. 116 00:11:04,176 --> 00:11:05,551 We could avoid this ... 117 00:11:05,719 --> 00:11:10,056 if we built a spacecraft large enough and with a slower spin. 118 00:11:10,432 --> 00:11:13,726 But it would have to be about as long as the Golden Gate Bridge. 119 00:11:16,063 --> 00:11:19,565 How could we build such a large ship in space? 120 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:23,444 To get to Mars, for instance ... 121 00:11:23,612 --> 00:11:26,739 we might design a spacecraft with two modules ... 122 00:11:26,907 --> 00:11:31,786 one attached to each end of a very long cable, or tether. 123 00:11:32,204 --> 00:11:37,541 Once underway, the tether would be extended to separate the two modules. 124 00:11:38,960 --> 00:11:42,463 The whole assembly, rotating about once per minute ... 125 00:11:42,631 --> 00:11:45,966 could provide the synthetic gravity needed. 126 00:11:50,972 --> 00:11:55,684 But until recently, tethers were merely an elegant idea. 127 00:11:55,894 --> 00:11:58,771 The concept would have to be tested. 128 00:11:59,856 --> 00:12:02,024 So far we have good satellite stability. 129 00:12:02,192 --> 00:12:05,778 So an experiment was flown on the space shuttle. 130 00:12:05,987 --> 00:12:10,866 An Italian satellite was deployed on a very long tether. 131 00:12:11,034 --> 00:12:13,160 The crew was then to retrieve it. 132 00:12:13,328 --> 00:12:15,704 Let's do it like we simmed it. 133 00:12:16,665 --> 00:12:20,209 You're gonna keep the tether under control, right? Okay. 134 00:12:20,377 --> 00:12:24,922 At first, the tether behaved exactly as predicted. 135 00:12:25,090 --> 00:12:28,801 - You don't want to yank on the satellite. │- You've got good tension. 136 00:12:28,969 --> 00:12:33,013 And the Rdot is just oscillating a little bit, but it's based at zero. 137 00:12:33,181 --> 00:12:34,682 - Slack tether. - Wait a minute. 138 00:12:34,850 --> 00:12:38,853 But then the reel jammed and the tether went slack. 139 00:12:39,020 --> 00:12:41,397 Houston, we have slack tether. Ldot has stopped. 140 00:12:41,565 --> 00:12:45,359 By firing jets on both the orbiter and the satellite ... 141 00:12:45,527 --> 00:12:48,529 the crew learned that they could tighten it once again ... 142 00:12:48,697 --> 00:12:52,241 showing that we can control tethers in space. 143 00:12:52,409 --> 00:12:54,910 Tether's under control. 144 00:12:55,078 --> 00:12:58,539 Unexpected snags are bound to arise. 145 00:12:58,707 --> 00:13:03,043 But we learn from them and keep moving forward. 146 00:13:05,505 --> 00:13:10,801 To build more reliable spacecraft, we need light but tough materials. 147 00:13:11,386 --> 00:13:14,763 To test them, in 1984 we launched a satellite ... 148 00:13:14,973 --> 00:13:18,559 with dozens of materials attached to its surface ... 149 00:13:18,727 --> 00:13:21,854 exposing them to the wear and tear of space. 150 00:13:22,022 --> 00:13:25,065 Columbia, Houston. We have a tally-ho on LDEF. 151 00:13:25,233 --> 00:13:29,987 We left it in orbit for six years, long enough for an interplanetary trip. 152 00:13:30,155 --> 00:13:31,405 Ready to go get it? 153 00:13:31,573 --> 00:13:34,992 Then the shuttle retrieved it and took it back to Earth. 154 00:13:37,621 --> 00:13:42,166 We found a wealth of information embedded in these panels. 155 00:13:42,334 --> 00:13:43,417 Splatters. 156 00:13:43,585 --> 00:13:45,419 As the microscopes reveal ... 157 00:13:45,629 --> 00:13:49,131 the vacuum of space is anything but empty. 158 00:13:49,299 --> 00:13:51,383 This pattern, I don't know what this is. 159 00:13:51,551 --> 00:13:54,553 A continuous bombardment of micrometeorites ... 160 00:13:54,763 --> 00:13:57,014 pitted the surfaces with craters. 161 00:14:11,321 --> 00:14:15,533 But the most serious hazard in space is radiation. 162 00:14:17,327 --> 00:14:20,579 As the shuttle hangs suspended above the Earth's horizon ... 163 00:14:20,789 --> 00:14:24,792 we see only the lights of its cargo bay in the darkness. 164 00:14:25,335 --> 00:14:30,673 But we can't see the harmful cosmic radiation that is everywhere here. 165 00:14:31,591 --> 00:14:33,676 High-energy charged particles ... 166 00:14:33,843 --> 00:14:36,929 are streaming out from the Sun and other stars. 167 00:14:38,515 --> 00:14:41,433 On Earth, we are protected by the atmosphere ... 168 00:14:41,643 --> 00:14:44,436 and the surrounding magnetic field. 169 00:14:44,813 --> 00:14:49,149 In space, the radiation can penetrate the walls of our craft. 170 00:14:51,903 --> 00:14:56,365 A Japanese x-ray satellite reveals vast clouds of radiation ... 171 00:14:56,575 --> 00:14:58,325 erupting from the Sun. 172 00:14:58,827 --> 00:15:00,494 On interplanetary trips ... 173 00:15:00,704 --> 00:15:03,998 we'll have to retreat to heavily shielded onboard shelters ... 174 00:15:04,165 --> 00:15:06,709 whenever solar storms are sighted. 175 00:15:10,505 --> 00:15:14,133 Most of the planets are too hostile for people to visit. 176 00:15:14,342 --> 00:15:16,969 But that doesn't stop us from exploring them. 177 00:15:17,137 --> 00:15:20,931 Okay, understand. We have a go for deploy, so we're starting out. 178 00:15:21,099 --> 00:15:24,518 Five, four, three ... 179 00:15:24,686 --> 00:15:28,480 two, one, mark. 180 00:15:28,648 --> 00:15:30,858 - Do we have motion? - I see motion. 181 00:15:31,026 --> 00:15:35,362 It's stable? It's clear of the ASE. 182 00:15:35,530 --> 00:15:37,906 Where humans cannot safely go ... 183 00:15:38,074 --> 00:15:41,827 we send remotely controlled robot explorers. 184 00:15:42,037 --> 00:15:43,579 Commanding them from Earth ... 185 00:15:43,747 --> 00:15:49,418 we use their electronic eyes and sensors to explore the alien landscape. 186 00:15:53,256 --> 00:15:56,884 In 1989, the Galileo spacecraft ... 187 00:15:57,052 --> 00:16:00,054 began a five-year journey to Jupiter ... 188 00:16:00,221 --> 00:16:03,682 the largest planet in our solar system. 189 00:16:04,351 --> 00:16:07,394 Galileo just kind of dissolves out into nothingness ... 190 00:16:07,562 --> 00:16:10,230 as it goes into the darkness of space. 191 00:16:10,398 --> 00:16:13,901 And that's the last we saw of it. 192 00:16:16,112 --> 00:16:20,949 Early images of Jupiter were sent back to Earth in 1979 ... 193 00:16:21,117 --> 00:16:25,037 by two robot probes named Voyager. 194 00:16:25,205 --> 00:16:29,875 This was our first opportunity to marvel at its Great Red Spot ... 195 00:16:30,043 --> 00:16:33,003 three times the size of Earth. 196 00:16:35,256 --> 00:16:37,299 The molecular building blocks for life ... 197 00:16:37,467 --> 00:16:41,595 may be swirling within Jupiter's turbulent atmosphere. 198 00:16:41,763 --> 00:16:44,306 If Galileo's probe confirms this ... 199 00:16:44,474 --> 00:16:49,478 we should gain new insights into the origins of life. 200 00:16:55,568 --> 00:17:01,031 Though it is our nearest planetary neighbor, Venus was always a mystery. 201 00:17:01,199 --> 00:17:05,744 Thick cloud layers blocked our view of its surface. 202 00:17:06,454 --> 00:17:11,041 Then we sent a spacecraft named Magellan to orbit the planet. 203 00:17:11,209 --> 00:17:15,170 Its radar eyes could see through the clouds. 204 00:17:15,338 --> 00:17:17,798 Magellan collected so much data ... 205 00:17:17,966 --> 00:17:23,470 that we can now explore the surface as if we were actually there. 206 00:17:23,638 --> 00:17:27,099 We begin 60,000 feet up. 207 00:17:33,481 --> 00:17:36,608 To help scientists recognize its features ... 208 00:17:36,776 --> 00:17:42,114 a computer has exaggerated the height of the terrain 10 times. 209 00:17:47,078 --> 00:17:50,038 Perhaps these pancake domes ... 210 00:17:50,206 --> 00:17:55,753 were caused by lava pushing through weak spots in the surface. 211 00:18:15,523 --> 00:18:19,193 These craters, some the size of Connecticut ... 212 00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:23,739 were made by collisions with comets and asteroids. 213 00:18:24,532 --> 00:18:30,245 On Earth, ancient craters like these have been eroded by wind and water. 214 00:18:31,122 --> 00:18:35,000 But there is little wind and no water here. 215 00:18:35,251 --> 00:18:39,755 Venus swelters beneath a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide ... 216 00:18:39,923 --> 00:18:42,257 which acts like a greenhouse: 217 00:18:42,425 --> 00:18:48,597 It allows sunlight to filter in, but then traps the heat inside. 218 00:18:48,890 --> 00:18:53,811 The surface temperature is hot enough to melt lead. 219 00:19:05,365 --> 00:19:09,952 In the distance, the great Gula Mons volcano. 220 00:19:24,717 --> 00:19:30,764 We are now soaring more than 250,000 feet above the surface. 221 00:19:30,932 --> 00:19:34,935 The long, smooth strips that now and then cross our path ... 222 00:19:35,103 --> 00:19:40,440 are small portions of the surface that Magellan's radar did not scan. 223 00:19:58,084 --> 00:20:03,046 The Magellan craft has shown us the fantastic surface of an alien planet ... 224 00:20:03,214 --> 00:20:06,717 where no human could ever hope to land. 225 00:20:07,844 --> 00:20:13,473 But there is another world in our solar system that people can visit. 226 00:20:19,814 --> 00:20:23,984 Future generations of explorers will walk upon Mars. 227 00:20:24,152 --> 00:20:25,319 Do you know what that is? 228 00:20:25,486 --> 00:20:28,989 To prepare the way for them, we could send a robot like this ... 229 00:20:29,157 --> 00:20:31,909 to scout a landing site. 230 00:20:33,494 --> 00:20:38,540 We might dispatch a whole flock of these helpers to explore the terrain. 231 00:20:41,002 --> 00:20:44,463 Unlike us, they are almost immune to radiation ... 232 00:20:44,631 --> 00:20:47,174 and need no air or water. 233 00:20:47,342 --> 00:20:50,010 And they never get homesick. 234 00:20:52,430 --> 00:20:55,015 Robots like this Russian Mars rover ... 235 00:20:55,183 --> 00:20:57,851 being tested in Death Valley, California ... 236 00:20:58,019 --> 00:21:01,063 have already been programmed for difficult tasks ... 237 00:21:01,230 --> 00:21:04,358 like negotiating rugged terrain. 238 00:21:05,610 --> 00:21:10,322 More elaborate versions could help us construct a Mars base. 239 00:21:11,991 --> 00:21:15,202 But operating them will be a challenge. 240 00:21:15,370 --> 00:21:17,871 At the speed of light, a single command ... 241 00:21:18,039 --> 00:21:23,710 takes up to 20 minutes to travel from Earth to Mars. 242 00:21:30,760 --> 00:21:35,263 If there is or ever has been life somewhere else in the solar system ... 243 00:21:35,431 --> 00:21:38,600 Mars is a good place to look for traces. 244 00:21:38,768 --> 00:21:43,021 A great rift valley splits open the Martian plain. 245 00:21:43,189 --> 00:21:46,191 It is as long as the entire United States. 246 00:21:55,952 --> 00:21:58,829 We are now descending from 40,000 feet ... 247 00:21:58,997 --> 00:22:03,250 into a part of the valley known as Candor Chasma. 248 00:22:03,751 --> 00:22:08,839 It is five times deeper than the Earth's Grand Canyon. 249 00:22:09,173 --> 00:22:13,093 The height of the terrain has not been exaggerated. 250 00:22:13,261 --> 00:22:16,388 This is how it really looks. 251 00:22:23,229 --> 00:22:28,108 Life as we know it must have liquid water to develop. 252 00:22:29,110 --> 00:22:33,613 Water may have flowed through these canyons long ago. 253 00:22:33,948 --> 00:22:36,742 Perhaps it nourished life. 254 00:22:46,502 --> 00:22:51,298 Fossil life forms may lie exposed on the floor of these canyons. 255 00:22:51,466 --> 00:22:54,801 If we find any, it would be our first proof ... 256 00:22:54,969 --> 00:22:58,388 that life has existed beyond Earth. 257 00:23:02,894 --> 00:23:07,064 It would mean that life probably is abundant in our galaxy ... 258 00:23:07,231 --> 00:23:11,860 and awaiting discovery in the universe beyond. 259 00:23:17,784 --> 00:23:21,495 Today, Mars is a frozen world. 260 00:23:21,662 --> 00:23:26,333 The average temperature here is lower than at the Earth's South Pole. 261 00:23:26,501 --> 00:23:30,045 But long ago, when water may have flowed here ... 262 00:23:30,213 --> 00:23:32,672 it must have been warmer. 263 00:23:34,926 --> 00:23:38,470 We don't know why Mars turned so cold ... 264 00:23:38,638 --> 00:23:42,891 but perhaps it could be made to change once again. 265 00:23:43,059 --> 00:23:47,020 Could future generations somehow transform Mars ... 266 00:23:47,188 --> 00:23:51,024 into an Earth-like world where people could live? 267 00:23:55,571 --> 00:23:59,574 To do it, we might imagine some- how raising the temperature ... 268 00:23:59,742 --> 00:24:04,162 to build up the atmosphere and melt the ice caps. 269 00:24:06,582 --> 00:24:10,043 This would create lakes and rivers. 270 00:24:12,213 --> 00:24:17,634 Then we could introduce plants to fill the air with oxygen. 271 00:24:19,220 --> 00:24:22,973 Animals and people could now breathe the air. 272 00:24:23,141 --> 00:24:27,394 A new world might be ready for us to colonize. 273 00:24:29,605 --> 00:24:33,066 What would life be like on Mars? 274 00:24:35,236 --> 00:24:39,072 Perhaps we could build farms and cities. 275 00:24:42,577 --> 00:24:47,122 Or perhaps we will leave Mars as we found it. 276 00:24:52,253 --> 00:24:56,423 Those decisions will be made by our descendants. 277 00:24:56,632 --> 00:25:02,095 If terraforming is even possible, it would take thousands of years. 278 00:25:03,055 --> 00:25:05,932 By then, we may have left our solar system ... 279 00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:09,186 to explore the stars beyond. 280 00:25:11,772 --> 00:25:16,735 Though it would take about 100,000 years to reach them with present technology ... 281 00:25:16,903 --> 00:25:20,906 future generations may travel faster. 282 00:25:22,116 --> 00:25:28,121 For the present, we must use telescopes to explore the stars. 283 00:25:30,625 --> 00:25:33,835 Now, we are about to launch into space ... 284 00:25:34,003 --> 00:25:38,256 an instrument that will allow us to look to the farthest reaches of the universe ... 285 00:25:38,424 --> 00:25:42,177 and back in time almost to its birth. 286 00:25:42,345 --> 00:25:43,720 One more foot. 287 00:25:43,888 --> 00:25:46,806 This is the Hubble Space Telescope. 288 00:25:46,974 --> 00:25:48,475 Keep coming. 289 00:25:48,643 --> 00:25:51,811 Once in orbit above the shimmer of Earth's atmosphere ... 290 00:25:51,979 --> 00:25:56,233 it will see 10 times farther than telescopes on the ground. 291 00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:58,276 And down. 292 00:25:59,987 --> 00:26:04,658 Astronauts Kathy Sullivan, Loren Shriver and Bruce McCandless ... 293 00:26:04,825 --> 00:26:08,536 have come here to the Lockheed Vehicle Assembly facility ... 294 00:26:08,704 --> 00:26:10,205 for a final inspection. 295 00:26:10,373 --> 00:26:13,959 That's the socket in the MLI that you put the pre-load tool in ... 296 00:26:14,126 --> 00:26:15,794 once you've got the door open ... 297 00:26:15,962 --> 00:26:19,631 and just crank it over center so it'll stay open. 298 00:26:27,431 --> 00:26:30,308 Hello, hello, hello. Howdy. 299 00:26:30,726 --> 00:26:31,768 Morning. 300 00:26:31,936 --> 00:26:35,814 Family and friends gather for the launch at the Kennedy Space Center. 301 00:26:36,857 --> 00:26:39,526 Among them is Dr. Lyman Spitzer ... 302 00:26:39,735 --> 00:26:44,489 who first proposed the idea for a space telescope in 1946. 303 00:26:44,657 --> 00:26:47,993 This is a tremendous milestone today for me. 304 00:26:48,202 --> 00:26:50,161 Very exciting, very exciting. 305 00:26:50,329 --> 00:26:55,750 I suggested a telescope of this general nature would be very helpful to astronomy. 306 00:26:55,918 --> 00:26:59,671 And the idea finally took hold among astronomers ... 307 00:26:59,839 --> 00:27:04,259 and then among other people and finally, even in Congress. 308 00:27:04,427 --> 00:27:05,969 And off it goes. 309 00:27:06,929 --> 00:27:12,267 T-minus 10, go for main engine start. We are go for main engine start. 310 00:27:12,476 --> 00:27:16,980 Five, four, three, two, one .... 311 00:27:17,189 --> 00:27:20,275 And lift-off of the space shuttle Discovery. 312 00:27:49,430 --> 00:27:51,264 Once Hubble is deployed ... 313 00:27:51,432 --> 00:27:54,434 astronomers on the ground will be able to direct its eye ... 314 00:27:54,602 --> 00:27:58,646 to any region of the universe they wish to observe. 315 00:27:59,648 --> 00:28:03,943 - Give you a payload ID of one. - Discovery, we'd like you to go free drift. 316 00:28:04,111 --> 00:28:09,866 While pilot Charlie Bolden, on the left, maintains the shuttle's precise position ... 317 00:28:10,034 --> 00:28:13,995 astronomer Steve Hawley prepares to perform the deployment. 318 00:28:14,705 --> 00:28:17,374 Discovery, go for Hubble release. 319 00:28:18,626 --> 00:28:21,461 Hawley releases the telescope. 320 00:28:23,130 --> 00:28:26,466 Then, very slowly and carefully ... 321 00:28:26,717 --> 00:28:28,635 retracts the arm. 322 00:28:37,436 --> 00:28:42,107 The sky and sea of Earth, reflected in its door ... 323 00:28:42,274 --> 00:28:44,609 the Hubble Space Telescope ... 324 00:28:44,777 --> 00:28:49,656 the creation of 10,000 people, is launched at last. 325 00:28:50,658 --> 00:28:55,995 It will remain here for many years, sending images back to Earth. 326 00:28:56,747 --> 00:29:00,583 Shuttle crews will visit Hubble on regular service calls ... 327 00:29:00,793 --> 00:29:04,295 to replace and upgrade its parts. 328 00:29:11,429 --> 00:29:13,096 Yeah, it looks good. 329 00:29:13,264 --> 00:29:16,558 I don't see any motion at all in there. 330 00:29:16,767 --> 00:29:18,518 Hubble is open for business. 331 00:29:18,686 --> 00:29:22,689 I wish you guys had been here to see it, because you'll never believe it. 332 00:29:22,857 --> 00:29:25,024 Well, superb is an understatement. 333 00:29:25,192 --> 00:29:28,278 Residuals were at .02 and .01. 334 00:29:28,446 --> 00:29:31,739 The telescope would reveal objects in detail ... 335 00:29:31,907 --> 00:29:34,659 never before seen. 336 00:29:38,706 --> 00:29:40,790 But there was a problem: 337 00:29:40,958 --> 00:29:46,087 A flaw was found in the shape of the telescope's primary mirror. 338 00:29:48,048 --> 00:29:51,050 A repair would be necessary. 339 00:29:51,469 --> 00:29:53,761 As part of the regular service call ... 340 00:29:53,929 --> 00:29:58,224 another crew would make the repairs three years later. 341 00:30:01,937 --> 00:30:03,354 Endeavour, you've got a go for capture. 342 00:30:03,522 --> 00:30:07,692 First, the crew would have to recapture the telescope. 343 00:30:07,860 --> 00:30:12,906 Houston, Endeavour, the right-hand solar array, as we can see it, is .... 344 00:30:13,073 --> 00:30:17,911 One side of it is bent way over, so clearly we have a dynamic situation. 345 00:30:18,078 --> 00:30:20,872 There's a problem with one of the solar panels ... 346 00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:24,167 that provide electrical power to the telescope. 347 00:30:24,335 --> 00:30:29,297 Looks like the outer bi-stem has a kink in it and is twisted ... 348 00:30:29,465 --> 00:30:33,801 90-plus degrees clockwise there at the kink. 349 00:30:33,969 --> 00:30:37,096 Once the telescope is secured in the cargo bay ... 350 00:30:37,264 --> 00:30:41,601 the astronauts will move outside for a closer inspection. 351 00:30:42,311 --> 00:30:46,439 So begins the most ambitious and difficult service mission ... 352 00:30:46,607 --> 00:30:48,358 ever attempted. 353 00:30:50,444 --> 00:30:54,447 Payload commander Story Musgrave and astronomer Jeff Hoffman ... 354 00:30:54,615 --> 00:30:57,033 are both veteran spacewalkers. 355 00:30:57,201 --> 00:30:59,702 Story is not built like the rest of us. 356 00:30:59,870 --> 00:31:03,873 Most of us just float under the hut, and Story has to screw himself in. 357 00:31:04,041 --> 00:31:09,504 If you're a person that gets claustrophobia, this is not the business you wanna get into. 358 00:31:09,672 --> 00:31:12,924 They'll depressurize here in the airlock ... 359 00:31:13,092 --> 00:31:14,300 then go to work. 360 00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:20,014 It had been planned that the crew replace the solar panels ... 361 00:31:20,182 --> 00:31:22,350 as part of the regular service. 362 00:31:22,518 --> 00:31:27,689 But now, the twisted panel cannot be safely stowed in the cargo bay. 363 00:31:27,856 --> 00:31:30,775 They have no choice but to throw it overboard. 364 00:31:30,943 --> 00:31:34,153 Mission Specialist Kathy Thornton will do it. 365 00:31:34,321 --> 00:31:38,533 - Okay, they say you've got a go for release. │- Okay, no hands. 366 00:31:43,998 --> 00:31:48,585 Such a large object floating in space can pose a hazard to other spacecraft. 367 00:31:49,169 --> 00:31:51,504 So bursts from the shuttle jets are fired ... 368 00:31:51,672 --> 00:31:54,382 directly at the solar panel to make it spin. 369 00:31:59,179 --> 00:32:02,682 The motion will speed up its descent to the Earth's atmosphere ... 370 00:32:02,850 --> 00:32:05,101 where it will burn up. 371 00:32:07,938 --> 00:32:09,689 There it goes. 372 00:32:16,947 --> 00:32:19,866 Almost like a bird. Look at it. 373 00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:22,368 It's quite a sight. 374 00:32:22,536 --> 00:32:25,663 Now, work on the telescope can resume. 375 00:32:25,831 --> 00:32:31,210 Okay, coming straight on up. Looking real good. I'm gonna let go. 376 00:32:31,378 --> 00:32:33,713 Okay, take me away. 377 00:32:34,131 --> 00:32:36,758 Just come right up easy, just like you're doing. 378 00:32:36,925 --> 00:32:39,719 Bring the forward up a little more. 379 00:32:40,679 --> 00:32:44,432 It's difficult to maneuver bodies and equipment unassisted. 380 00:32:46,977 --> 00:32:50,063 The repair of the telescope would be almost impossible ... 381 00:32:50,230 --> 00:32:52,231 without the help of the shuttle's arm. 382 00:32:54,485 --> 00:32:59,697 It is controlled from inside by Swiss astronaut Claude Nicollier ... 383 00:32:59,865 --> 00:33:03,660 while Ken Bowersox, the pilot, acts as lookout. 384 00:33:03,827 --> 00:33:05,912 Just keep coming up, Claude. 385 00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:09,707 - Stop. Stop. - Brake's on. 386 00:33:10,376 --> 00:33:14,420 I'm not even pulling it, I'm just coaxing it with my fingertips. 387 00:33:14,588 --> 00:33:18,925 The new wide-field planetary camera will tell us more about the size ... 388 00:33:19,093 --> 00:33:22,595 of the universe and how rapidly it is expanding. 389 00:33:22,763 --> 00:33:23,805 Here we go. 390 00:33:23,972 --> 00:33:27,266 The crew lifts it up with great care. 391 00:33:27,434 --> 00:33:32,355 The tiniest bump could damage its delicate parts. 392 00:33:37,444 --> 00:33:40,279 The astronaut teams alternate each day ... 393 00:33:40,447 --> 00:33:44,200 spending up to six hours in the cold vacuum outside. 394 00:33:44,368 --> 00:33:47,578 Okay, I'm gonna slip over. You've got another foot to keep coming up. 395 00:33:47,746 --> 00:33:49,789 Keep coming up. Coming up. Coming up. 396 00:33:49,957 --> 00:33:53,000 All of their tools must be tethered to the workstation ... 397 00:33:53,168 --> 00:33:55,378 to keep them from floating off into space. 398 00:33:55,546 --> 00:33:59,132 Endeavour, Houston for Story. You've got a go to open the doors. 399 00:33:59,299 --> 00:34:01,217 Okay. Swing it. 400 00:34:04,513 --> 00:34:09,392 After five days of intensive work and many dazzling accomplishments ... 401 00:34:09,560 --> 00:34:15,231 the astronauts are now ready to install the critical corrective-optics package. 402 00:34:15,399 --> 00:34:17,984 It's a kind of contact lens ... 403 00:34:18,152 --> 00:34:21,654 designed to bring Hubble's giant eye into focus. 404 00:34:21,822 --> 00:34:23,656 Pitch up a little. 405 00:34:23,824 --> 00:34:25,283 If it succeeds ... 406 00:34:25,451 --> 00:34:30,037 we will be able to look back to the edge of time. 407 00:34:34,752 --> 00:34:36,002 Good work, guys. 408 00:34:36,170 --> 00:34:39,172 The service and repair are now complete. 409 00:34:39,339 --> 00:34:42,341 The mission drew upon every skill we have learned ... 410 00:34:42,509 --> 00:34:46,012 throughout three decades of work in space. 411 00:34:47,431 --> 00:34:51,309 Whether repairing a telescope, assembling a space station ... 412 00:34:51,477 --> 00:34:54,187 or building a base on a distant planet ... 413 00:34:54,354 --> 00:34:57,732 we must rely upon the teamwork of humans and machines ... 414 00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:03,696 if we are to succeed in this challenging new environment away from Earth. 415 00:35:07,075 --> 00:35:09,660 Endeavour, you've got a go for release. 416 00:35:34,394 --> 00:35:36,896 The Cape of Good Hope beneath it ... 417 00:35:37,064 --> 00:35:42,944 the space telescope is now poised to begin a new era of exploration. 418 00:35:49,868 --> 00:35:52,078 One of the astonishing discoveries ... 419 00:35:52,246 --> 00:35:56,332 is a first close look at an enormous and very unstable star ... 420 00:35:56,500 --> 00:35:58,626 we call Eta Carinae. 421 00:35:58,794 --> 00:36:02,630 Four million times more luminous than our Sun ... 422 00:36:02,798 --> 00:36:06,884 its last outburst was seen in 1841. 423 00:36:07,052 --> 00:36:12,598 And now Hubble reveals that it has blown two massive clouds into space. 424 00:36:12,766 --> 00:36:19,105 The clouds contain the heavy elements essential for the creation of life. 425 00:36:20,148 --> 00:36:22,567 Now, in the heart of the Orion Nebula ... 426 00:36:22,734 --> 00:36:25,486 Hubble reveals a stellar nursery. 427 00:36:25,654 --> 00:36:29,866 Gas and dust are condensing here to create new stars. 428 00:36:30,033 --> 00:36:31,993 And even more astounding ... 429 00:36:32,160 --> 00:36:35,079 new planets are being born. 430 00:36:35,247 --> 00:36:40,293 Never before seen, the dark material appears to be a new solar system ... 431 00:36:40,460 --> 00:36:43,588 forming around a young sun. 432 00:36:44,923 --> 00:36:50,595 Hubble has now provided evidence that planets are common in the universe. 433 00:36:50,762 --> 00:36:53,931 Life may be widespread among them. 434 00:36:57,227 --> 00:37:00,813 Perhaps we will hear a signal. 435 00:37:04,484 --> 00:37:07,486 Our curiosity and our need to progress ... 436 00:37:07,654 --> 00:37:09,488 compel us to move outward ... 437 00:37:09,656 --> 00:37:12,325 to explore the worlds of our solar system ... 438 00:37:12,492 --> 00:37:16,162 our galaxy, and the universe beyond. 439 00:37:16,330 --> 00:37:19,916 The distances are vast, the voyage hazardous ... 440 00:37:20,417 --> 00:37:23,419 the destination daunting. 441 00:37:24,087 --> 00:37:26,964 Still, we choose to explore. 442 00:37:27,174 --> 00:37:28,424 What we discover ... 443 00:37:28,634 --> 00:37:32,595 will shape our destiny in space. 444 00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:57,720 تی وی نــیــکــو www.tvniko.com فیلم،مستند،ورزشی و انیمیشن